Gathering and publishing reliable information on Ruaha’s large carnivore populations is vital for informing conservation plans. As part of Oxford University’s Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, the project has a strong academic component, and we work with many students and researchers to better understand Ruaha’s wildlife. Below is a selection of papers from Ruaha Carnivore Project researchers, as well as some papers on wildlife conservation that they have worked on elsewhere, which may be of interest.

• Abade, L., Macdonald, D.W., Dickman, A.J., 2014a. Assessing the relative importance of landscape and husbandry factors in determining large carnivore depredation risk in Tanzania’s Ruaha landscape. Biological Conservation 180, 241-248.
• Abade, L., Macdonald, D.W., Dickman, A.J., 2014b. Using Landscape and Bioclimatic Features to Predict the Distribution of Lions, Leopards and Spotted Hyaenas in Tanzania’s Ruaha Landscape. PLoS ONE 9, e96261.
• Bartels, P., Berry, H., Cilliers, D., Dickman, A., Durant, S., Grisham, J., Marker, L., Mulama, M., Schumann, B., Tubbesing, U., Venter, L., Wildt, D., Ellis, S., Friedmann, Y., 2001. Global Cheetah Conservation Action Plan: Draft Report. IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, Apple Valley, MN.
• Braczkowski, A.R., Balme, G.A., Dickman, A., Fattebert, J., Johnson, P., Dickerson, T., Macdonald, D.W., Hunter, L., 2016. Scent Lure Effect on Camera-Trap Based Leopard Density Estimates. PLoS ONE 11, e0151033.
• Braczkowski, A.R., Balme, G.A., Dickman, A., Macdonald, D.W., Fattebert, J., Dickerson, T., Johnson, P., Hunter, L., 2015a. Who Bites the Bullet First? The Susceptibility of Leopards Panthera pardus to Trophy Hunting. PLoS ONE 10, e0123100.
• Braczkowski, A.R., Balme, G.A., Dickman, A., Macdonald, D.W., Johnson, P.J., Lindsey, P.A., Hunter, L.T.B., 2015b. Rosettes, Remingtons and Reputation: Establishing potential determinants of leopard (Panthera pardus) trophy prices across Africa. African Journal of Wildlife Research 45, 158-168.
• Carter, N.H., Linnell, J.D.C., Vidya, A., Silveira, L., Lescureux, N., Gore, M., Dickman, A., 2017. The keys to coexistence: realizing the potential for integrating large carnivores into multi-use landscapes. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment.
• Coppolillo, P., CIifford, D., Dickman, A., Masozera, M., Nguvava, M., Kaswala, R., Erickson, J., Mazet, J., 2009. Landscape Factors Associated with Livestock Disease Deaths in Idodi and Pawaga divisions, Tanzania, ed. R.B. 09-01-HALI, pp. 1- 4. Global Livestock Collaborative Research Support Program, University of California Davis.
• Coppolillo, P., Clifford, D., Dickman, A., John, J., Mbano, M., Msago, A.O., Msigwa, A., Semanini, F., 2007. A preliminary account of conservation-livelihood linkages in the Ruaha landscape, In Society for Conservation Biology Conference. Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
• Coppolillo, P., Dickman, A., 2007. Livelihoods and Protected Areas in the Ruaha Landscape: A Preliminary review, In Protected Areas and Human Livelihoods: Working paper no. 32. eds K.H. Redford, E. Fearn, pp. 17-26. Wildlife Conservation Society, New York
• Creel, S., Becker, M.S., Durant, S.M., M’Soka, J., Matandiko, W., Dickman, A.J., et al, 2013. Conserving large populations of lions – the argument for fences has holes. Ecology Letters 16, 1413.
• Cusack, J., Dickman, A.J., Rowcliffe, J.M., Carbone, C., Macdonald, D.W., Coulson, T., 2015a. Random versus trail-based camera trap placement for monitoring terrestrial mammal communities: revealing two faces of the same coin? PLoS ONE 10, e0126373.
• Cusack, J.J., Dickman, A.J., Kalyahe, M., Rowcliffe, J.M., Carbone, C., Macdonald, D.W., Coulson, T., 2016. Revealing kleptoparasitic and predatory tendencies in an African mammal community using camera traps: a comparison of spatiotemporal approaches. Oikos.
• Cusack, J.J., Swanson, A., Coulson, T., Packer, C., Carbone, C., Dickman, A.J., Kosmala, M., Lintott, C., Rowcliffe, J.M., 2015b. Applying a random encounter model to estimate lion density from camera traps in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. The Journal of Wildlife Management 79, 1014-1021.
• Dickman, A., 2010. Complexities of conflict: the importance of considering social factors for effectively resolving human–wildlife conflict. Animal Conservation 13, 458-466.
• Dickman, A., Durant, S., 2007. Investigating key determinants of human-large cat conflict around Ruaha National Park in Tanzania, In Felid Biology and Conservation Conference. Oxford, U.K. .
• Dickman, A., Hazzah, L., Carbone, C., Durant, S., 2014. Carnivores, culture and ‘contagious conflict’: Multiple factors influence perceived problems with carnivores in Tanzania’s Ruaha landscape. Biological Conservation 178, 19-27.
• Dickman, A., Hinks, A., Riggio, J., Jacobson, A., Loveridge, A.J., Bauer, H., Macdonald, E.A., Burnham, D., Henschel, P., Lindsey, P.A., Jacobsen, K.S., Funston, P.F., Packer, C., Sillero, C., Hunter, L., Macdonald, D.W., in prep. Determining the ecological and socio-political fragility of remaining African lion populations
• Dickman, A., Marchini, S., Manfredo, M., 2013. The importance of the human dimension in addressing conflict with large carnivores, In Key Topics in Conservation Biology (2). eds D.W. Macdonald, K. Willis, pp. 110-126. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.
• Dickman, A., Potgieter, G., Horgan, J., Stoner, K., Klein, R., McManus, J., Marker, L., submitted-a. Use of livestock guarding dogs to reduce human-cheetah conflict, In The Biology and Conservation of the Cheetah eds L. Marker, A. Schmidt-Küntzel, L. Boast.
• Dickman, A., Rust, N.A., Boast, L., Wykstra, M., Richmond-Coggan, L., Klein, R., Selabatso, M., Msuha, M., Marker, L., submitted-b. Conservation Threats: The impacts and drivers of human-cheetah conflict on livestock and game farms, In The Biology and Conservation of the Cheetah. eds L. Marker, A. Schmidt-Küntzel, L. Boast.
• Dickman, A.J., 2005. An assessment of pastoralist attitudes and wildlife conflict in the Rungwa-Ruaha region, Tanzania, with particular reference to large carnivores, In Centre for the Environment. p. 89. University of Oxford, Oxford, U. K. .
• Dickman, A.J., 2006. Reported Conflict between Pastoralists and Wildlife around the Ruaha National Park, Tanzania, In Exploring the Nature of Management. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas. eds D. Siegrist, C. Clivaz, M. Hunziker, S. Iten, pp. 405-406 University of Applied Sciences Rapperswil, Switzerland, Rapperswil, Switzerland.
• Dickman, A.J., 2009. Key determinants of conflict between people and wildlife, particularly large carnivores, around Ruaha National Park, Tanzania, In Biological Anthropology. University College London, London.
• Dickman, A.J., 2012. From Cheetahs to Chimpanzees: A Comparative Review of the Drivers of Human-Carnivore Conflict and Human-Primate Conflict. Folia Primatologica 83, 377-387.
• Dickman, A.J., 2015. Large carnivores and conflict in Tanzania’s Ruaha landscape, In Conflicts in Conservation: Navigating Towards Solutions. eds S.M. Redpath, R.J. Gutierrez, K.A. Wood, J.C. Young, pp. 30-32. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. .
• Dickman, A.J., Hazzah, L., 2016. Money, Myths and Man-eaters: Complexities of human-wildlife conflict, In Problematic Wildlife. ed. F. Angelici, pp. 339-356. Springer, Rome, Italy.
• Dickman, A.J., Hinks, A.E., Macdonald, E.A., Burnham, D., Macdonald, D.W., 2015a. Global Priorities for Felid Conservation. Conservation Biology 29, 854-864.
• Dickman, A.J., Johnson, P.J., van Kesteren, F., Macdonald, D.W., 2015b. The Moral Basis for Conservation: How is it Affected by Culture? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 13, 325-331.
• Dickman, A.J., Johnson, P.J., Van Kesteren, F., Macdonald, D.W., 2016. The moral basis for conservation: the authors reply. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment doi:10.1002/fee.1223
• Dickman, A.J., Macdonald, E.A., Macdonald, D.W., 2011. A review of financial instruments to pay for predator conservation and encourage human-carnivore coexistence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America 108, 13937-13944.
• Durant, S., Becker, M., Creel, S., Bashir, S., Dickman, A., et al., 2015. Developing fencing policies for dryland ecosystems. Journal of Applied Ecology.
• Durant, S., Mitchell, N., Groom, R., et al, 2016. Disappearing spots, the global decline of cheetah and what it means for conservation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA.
• Durant, S.M., Dickman, A.J., Maddox, T., Waweru, M., Pettorelli, N., 2010. Past, present and future of cheetah in Tanzania: from long term study to conservation strategy, In Biology and conservation of wild felids. eds D.W. Macdonald, A.J. Loveridge, pp. 373-382. Oxford University Press Oxford, U.K. .
• Hazzah, L., Bath, A., Dolrenry, S., Dickman, A., Frank, L., 2017. From Attitudes to Actions: Predictors of lion killing by Maasai warriors. PLoS ONE.
• Lindsey, P., Balme, G., Becker, M., Begg, C., Bento, C., Bocchino, C., Dickman, A., et al, 2013. The bushmeat trade in African savannas: Impacts, drivers and possible solutions. Biological Conservation 160, 80-96.
• Macdonald, D.W., Johnson, P.J., Loveridge, A.J., Burnham, D., Dickman, A.J., 2016. Conservation or the moral high ground: Siding with Bentham or Kant. Conservation Letters 9, 307-308.
• Macdonald, E.A., Burnham, D., Hinks, A., Dickman, A.J., Yadvinder, M., Macdonald, D.W., 2015. Conservation inequality and the charismatic cat: Felis felicis. Global Ecology and Conservation 3, 851-866.
• Marker, L., Cristescu, B., Morrison, T., Dickman, A., Nghikembua, M., Macdonald, D.W., Mills, G., Fabiano, E., Melzheimer, J., Wachter, B., submitted-a. Ecology of Free Ranging Cheetah, In The Biology and Conservation of the Cheetah. eds L. Marker, A. Schmidt-Küntzel, L. Boast.
• Marker, L., Dickman, A., 2003a. Conserving Cheetahs Outside Protected Areas: An Example from Namibian Farmlands. Cat News 38, 24-25.
• Marker, L., Dickman, A., 2004a. Human Aspects of Cheetah Conservation: Lessons Learned from Namibian Farmlands. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 9, 1-9.
• Marker, L., Dickman, A., Schumann, M., 2005a. Using Livestock Guarding Dogs as a Conflict Resolution Strategy on Namibian Farms. Carnivore Damage Prevention News 8, 28-32.
• Marker, L., Dickman, A., Wilkinson, C., Schumann, B., Fabiano, E., 2007. The Namibian Cheetah: A Status Report. Cat News Special Issue 3 4-13.
• Marker, L., Dickman, A.J., Mills, M.G.L., Macdonald, D.W., 2010a. Cheetahs and ranchers in Namibia: a case study, In Biology and conservation of wild felids. eds D.W. Macdonald, A.J. Loveridge, pp. 353-372. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
• Marker, L., Schmidt-Küntzel, A., Dickman, A., Portas, R., Good, K., Cristescu, B., Meltzheimer, J., submitted-b. Capture, care, collaring and sampling of free ranging cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus), In The Biology and Conservation of the Cheetah. eds L. Marker, A. Schmidt-Küntzel, L. Boast.
• Marker, L.L., Dickman, A.J., 2003b. Morphology, physical condition and growth of the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus). Journal of Mammalogy 84, 840-850.
• Marker, L.L., Dickman, A.J., 2004b. Dental anomalies and incidence of palatal erosion in Namibian cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus). Journal of Mammalogy 85, 13-18.
• Marker, L.L., Dickman, A.J., 2005a. Factors affecting leopard (Panthera pardus) spatial ecology, with particular reference to Namibian farmlands. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 35, 105-115.
• Marker, L.L., Dickman, A.J., 2005b. Notes on the spatial ecology of caracals (Felis caracal), with particular reference to Namibian farmlands. African Journal of Ecology 43, 73-76.
• Marker, L.L., Dickman, A.J., Jeo, R.M., Mills, M.G.L., Macdonald, D.W., 2003a. Demography of the Namibian cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus). Biological Conservation 114, 413-425.
• Marker, L.L., Dickman, A.J., Macdonald, D.W., 2005b. Perceived effectiveness of livestock guarding dogs placed on Namibian farms. Rangeland Ecology and Management 58, 329-336.
• Marker, L.L., Dickman, A.J., Macdonald, D.W., 2005c. Survivorship and Causes of Mortality for Livestock Guarding Dogs on Namibian Rangeland. Rangeland Ecology and Management 58, 337-343.
• Marker, L.L., Dickman, A.J., Mills, M.G.L., Jeo, R.M., Macdonald, D.W., 2008. Spatial ecology of cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) on north-central Namibian farmlands. Journal of Zoology, London 274, 226-238
• Marker, L.L., Dickman, A.J., Mills, M.G.L., Macdonald, D.W., 2003b. Aspects of the management of cheetahs, Acinonyx jubatus jubatus, trapped on Namibian farmlands. Biological Conservation 114, 401-412.
• Marker, L.L., Dickman, A.J., Mills, M.G.L., Macdonald, D.W., 2010b. Cheetahs and ranchers in Namibia: A case study, In Biology and conservation of wild felids. eds D.W. Macdonald, A.J. Loveridge, pp. 353-372. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K. .
• Marker, L.L., Muntifering, J.R., Dickman, A.J., Mills, M.G.L., Macdonald, D.W., 2003c. Quantifying prey preferences of free-ranging Namibian cheetahs. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 33, 43-53.
• McManus, J., Dickman, A., Gaynor, D., Smuts, B., Macdonald, D., 2014a. Dead or alive? Comparing costs and benefits of lethal and non-lethal human–wildlife conflict mitigation on livestock farms. Oryx 49, 687-695.
• McManus, J.S., Dalton, D., Kotze, A., Smuts, B., Dickman, A., Marshal, J., Keith, M., 2014b. Gene flow and population structure of a solitary top carnivore in a human-dominated landscape. Ecology and Evolution.
• Muneza, A.B., Linden, D.W., Montgomery, R.A., Dickman, A.J., Roloff, G.J., Macdonald, D.W., Fennessy, J.T., 2016a. Examining disease prevalence for species of conservation concern using non-invasive spatial capture–recapture techniques. Journal of Applied Ecology.
• Muneza, A.B., Montgomery, R.A., Fennessy, J.T., Dickman, A.J., Roloff, G.J., Macdonald, D.W., 2016b. Regional variation of the manifestation, prevalence, and severity of giraffe skin disease: a review of an emerging disease in wild and captive giraffe populations. Biological Conservation 198, 145-156.
• Muntifering, J.R., Dickman, A.J., Perlow, L.M., Hruska, T., Marker, L.L., Ryan, P.G., Jeo, R.M., 2006. Managing the matrix for large carnivores: a novel approach and perspective from cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) habitat suitability modelling. Animal Conservation 9, 103-112.
• Pooley, S., Barua, M., Beinart, W., Dickman, A., Holmes, G., Lorimer, J., Loveridge, A., Macdonald, D., Marvin, G., Redpath, S., 2016. An interdisciplinary review of current and future approaches to improving human-predator relations. Conservation Biology.
• Redpath, S., Linnell, J.D.C., Festa-Bianchet, M., Boitani, L., Bunnefeld, L., Dickman, A., et al, in press. Don’t forget to look down – collaborative approaches to predator conservation. Biological Reviews.
• Riggio, J., Jacobson, A., Dollar, L., Bauer, H., Becker, M., Dickman, A., Funston, P., Groom, R., Henschel, P., de Iongh, H., Lichtenfeld, L., Pimm, S., 2013. The size of savannah Africa: a lion’s (Panthera leo) view. Biodiversity and Conservation 22, 17-35.
• Ripple, W., Chapron, G., López-Bao, J., Durant, S., Woodroffe, R., et al, 2017. Conserving the world’s megafauna and biodiversity: the fierce urgency of now. BioScience.
• Ripple, W.J., Chapron, G., López-Bao, J.V., Durant, S.M., Macdonald, D.W., et al., 2016. Saving the world’s terrestrial megafauna. BioScience 66, 807-812.
• Schumann, M., Schumann, B., Dickman, A., Watson, L.H., 2006. Assessing the use of swing-gates in game fences as a potential non-lethal predator exclusion technique. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 36, 173-181.
• Woodroffe, R., André, J.-M., Andulege, B., Bercovitch, F., Carlson, A., Coppolillo, P., Davies-Mostert, H., Dickman, A., et al, 2004. Tools for the conservation of African wild dogs: Do we know enough? What more do we need to know?, In Workshop on Research for Conservation of the African Wild Dog, . Kruger National Park, South Africa